The way we design, build and deploy web applications has changed a lot in the past few years. In the beginning, It all seemed like a simple task, our code lived all inside a big folder with a bunch of files in it, then we just uploaded the files using FTP and hoped everything would work out flawlessly. If something went wrong it was hard to keep the track of errors in an overwhelming number of lines of legacy code.
Deploying and managing our application was a time-consuming task that required us to be aware of the underlying infrastructure, servers that needed to be upgraded as our application and business growth, and all of this time that we spend on these tasks could have been spent on developing new features and improving our application instead.
Nowadays it has become easier to design and deploy applications that are able to scale, even automatically, as your business grows. With the rise of distributed systems and microservices, it is not necessary anymore to have all of your code and logic all in one place, we can rely on event-driven architecture to communicate between decoupled services.
We are going to take a brief overview on how AWS Lambda and the Serverless Framework work together to take advantage of all of these new ways of building scalable applications, all of this on top of the Go programming language, which brings us even more advantages while developing our application.
The Rise of Cloud Computing
If you think about it, everything has been "in the cloud" since the beginning, but the way we understand the term "Cloud Computing" has changed with the rise of new technologies. Back in the day, you had to purchase a server, no matter if it was virtual or physical, you had to guess how much resources you were going to need and pay everything up front, and later if needed more space, memory, or resources you had to purchase them and upgrade your server.
Today "Cloud Computing" is the way we deliver computing services (servers, databases, storage, software, resources, networking) over the internet to build applications that can offer faster innovation, flexible resources and that can scale you, this means that you will lower your operating cost because you only pay for the services you use, and you run your infrastructure more efficiently because it scales as your business needs to change.
Top benefits of Cloud Computing
- Cost savings: you only pay for IT as you consume it
- Elasticity: no need to over-provision resources, you can scale those resources instantly as your business needs change
- Agility: you have access to a broad range of technologies, so you can innovate faster and build nearly anything you want
There are several Cloud Providers out there that offer great services, some of them by well-known companies, like Microsoft, Google, and Amazon. One of the most used is Amazon AWS, which has a lot of services to choose from, being AWS Lambda one of them.
Distributed Systems
It is very likely that you have been using distributed systems and you don't even know about it. On their most simple definition, a distributed system is a group of computers working together that share messages with each other to achieve a common goal. All of this will appear as it is a single computer to the end-user.
To better understand this, we can bring back the example where you upload all of your application code to a server, here your code lives on a single computer (virtual or physical), all of the business logic is inside of it and all of the components communicate within each other, if something fails on the infrastructure, all of the application goes down.
The distributed system allows us, in a certain way, to split our business logic into different components, they can be on different physical servers, virtual machines, or containers, and most likely located in different locations. So, by doing this, the system can maximize resources and information while preventing failures, so if one system fails, it won't affect the availability of the entire service.
Advantages of Distributed Systems
- Horizontal Scaling: it is easy and inexpensive to add additional machines as necessary
- Fault Tolerance: if one server or data center fails, others could still work without affecting the whole system
- Performance: they are very efficient because workloads can be broken and sent to multiple machines
Most modern web applications are based upon distributed systems, building a scalable application heavily relies on this concept, even more, if it is built on top of any cloud provider services.
From Monolith to Microservices
Nowadays monolithic applications are still the backbone of most large organizations, but they are often tied to complex processes, which make them really fragile to changes on the codebase. They are built as a single unit where all of the components coexist within the same application, so any changes to the system involve building and deploying a new version of the entire application.
One of the modern and current software paradigms is to build smaller, independently deployable units of code, so you can break down the application into smaller services by applying the single responsibility principle. You design your system so each module is a standalone microservice responsible for a distinct business domain.
Designing your application as microservices is something that will give you great benefits if your plan is to build a scalable application that leverages the use of cloud computing and distributed systems.
FaaS (Function-as-a-Service)
FaaS or "Function as a Service" is a type of Cloud Computing service that allows you to execute code in response to events without thinking about the complexity of the underlying infrastructure typically associated when you are deploying microservices applications. Provisioning and managing the infrastructure is handled automatically by your Cloud Service provider, so you can focus only on the individual function in your code and it allows you to create new applications composed of tiny building blocks.
Benefits of FaaS
- Focus more on the code: you can have to worry about infrastructure, this allows you to focus on the application code
- Scale automatically: functions are scaled automatically, independently, and really fast
- Pay only for the resources you use: you pay only when the function is executed, and usually, this is really cheap
AWS Lambda is the Function-as-a-Service option provided by Amazon AWS, it gives us all of these benefits plus the convenience of being on the AWS platform, which is very useful if you want to take advantage of all of the other services.
Event-Driven Architecture
AWS Lambda relies pretty much on the Event-Driven Architecture. This type of architecture allows your application to detect events whenever you want to trigger any business logic and do an action in response to that. This replaces the traditional "request/response" pattern where services would have to wait for a reply before they can move on to the next task.
An event can be anything, it can go from an item added to a cart, an order that was placed, an image uploaded to a server, a record updated on the database. This type of pattern uses events to trigger and communicate between services and it is very common in modern web applications that are built on top of microservices.
The future is Serverless
Serverless is a software development approach that eliminates the need to manage infrastructure by using Cloud Computing services (Functions-as-a-Service) to execute the code and external services and APIs to leverage the application.
We have to take into consideration that the term "Serverless" does not mean that servers are no longer being involved, it simply means that developers no longer need to be aware of the underlying infrastructure, computing resources are used as services, without managing physical capacities or limits.
The Serverless Framework
The Serverless Framework makes it easy to write event-driven functions for various providers, including AWS. For each provider, a series of events can be configured to invoke the function. All of this is done programmatically by editing a YAML configuration file and running some commands on the terminal. Also, you can integrate this with existing Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery frameworks.
This really makes the task of deploying and updating the code of our function really easy and fast. Also, when you create your serverless project there are plenty of templates ready for you if you want to use them, so you don't have to start from scratch. Particularly on AWS you can accomplish this by using the AWS console and doing everything from there, but every time you want to update your code you will have to compress it on a zip file and upload it with the AWS console, also there are other things that you have to take into consideration, like IAM users, roles and policies.
The Serverless framework takes care of all of this, so you can focus just on the code.
AWS Lambda
AWS Lambda is an event-driven serverless computing platform. It lets you run your code without provisioning or managing servers and it runs your code only when needed and scales automatically, you pay only for the compute time that you consume, so they don't charge you when nothing is running.
This is how it works
Currently, AWS Lambda supports several programming languages through the use of runtimes, like node.js, Python, Ruby, Java, and Go. To use other languages in Lambda you can implement a custom runtime, so the possibilities are endless.
If you are using AWS Lambda, you can also take advantage of all of the other AWS Cloud Services. You can trigger events when a photo is uploaded to Amazon S3, listen to streams of data from Amazon Kinesis, trigger a function when data gets added to DynamoDB, or even use Amazon API Gateway to build a serverless REST API. The possibilities are endless.
Pricing
You only pay for what you use and charged based on the number of requests and duration of your function. We are not going to deep dive into this topic, but rest assured that it's ridiculously cheap to run a Lambda function, even with the "Free Tier" you can play around a lot and probably run a small service. FOr more information, you can take a look at the AWS Lambda Pricing page.
When should I use AWS Lambda?
First, you have to think in an Event-Driven way. If there's a feature on your application that needs to be run in response to an event, and that feature does not need to be running all of the time, then probably that is a good use case for AWS Lamba, here are some examples:
- Rapid document conversion
- Image resizing and processing
- Handling uploaded AWS S3 objects
- Operating serverless websites
- Automated backups and everyday tasks
- Real-time data processing
Why Go?
Go is without a doubt one of the fastest-growing programming languages today, it has been adopted by a large number of companies, but is has been really active in the Cloud Computing scenario. This is why AWS, one of the biggest Cloud Computing providers, has added support for Go in AWS Lambda since the beginning of 2018.
Some of the major advantages of using Go with AWS Lambda are:
- Runtime versioning: the Go runtime for AWS Lambda supports any 1.x release, so whenever a new version of Go is released it is possible to use it right away, without having to wait for support on the updated runtime
- Concurrency: concurrency was built into the core design of Go, this allows us to create more efficient functions with the great benefit of Goroutines
- Pricing: the pricing model for AWS Lambda is per invocation, plus the duration of the invocation rounded up to the nearest 100ms. Go is not as memory hungry as other dynamic languages, and there's a direct relation between CPU performance and the allocated memory, so this makes it very efficient
Sample Application
To get a better idea of how AWS Lambda and the Serverless Framework work together we are going to build a simple function that just exposes an HTTP endpoint that receives a parameter on the URL and returns a JSON response. Nothing trivial, but I'm a true believer that with small and simple examples you understand a new concept better, also by doing this you will see how easy and quick is to build and deploy a Lambda function with the framework.
Prerequisites
Create an IAM User on AWS Console (save the access key and secret key)
Install Go
Install Serverless (you will need to install node.js first)
$ npm install -g serverless
Function Code
The code is pretty straightforward, most of the Lambda functions are build following the same pattern, it also depends on which AWS services and integrations you are using, also the purpose of your function. The most important aspect here is that you are always going to need a Handler function, which is the one that takes care of all of the logic, and this is the one that you call on your main() function.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go/events"
"github.com/aws/aws-lambda-go/lambda"
)
// This function is the one that is going to be called
func Handler(request events.APIGatewayProxyRequest) (events.APIGatewayProxyResponse, error) {
// Get the 'name' parameter from the URL
name := request.PathParameters["name"]
// Create the message that is going to be returned
message := fmt.Sprintf(" { \"Message\" : \"AWS Lambda is Awesome! Right %s? \" } ", name)
// Return the response
return events.APIGatewayProxyResponse{Body: message, StatusCode: 200}, nil
}
func main() {
// Start the Handler
lambda.Start(Handler)
}
Serverless Framework Setup
- Configure Serverless: replace with your access key and secret key.
serverless-admin
is going to be the name of your profile, this can be whatever you want
$ serverless config credentials --provider aws --key <your_key> --secret <your_secret> --profile serverless-admin
- Create the
serverless.yml
file (for full configuration options you can check the documentation)
yaml
service: lambda-sample
frameworkVersion: '2'
provider:
name: aws
runtime: go1.x
lambdaHashingVersion: 20201221
profile: serverless-admin
region: us-east-2
package:
exclude:
- ./**
include:
- ./bin/**
functions:
hello:
handler: bin/hello
events:
- http:
path: hello/{name}
method: get
Place the function code inside
hello/main.go
Build the app
$ env GOOS=linux go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o bin/hello hello/main.go
- Deploy the app
$ sls deploy -v
Serverless: Packaging service...
Serverless: Excluding development dependencies...
Serverless: Creating Stack...
Serverless: Checking Stack create progress...
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::CloudFormation::Stack - hello-dev
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::S3::Bucket - ServerlessDeploymentBucket
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::S3::Bucket - ServerlessDeploymentBucket
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::S3::Bucket - ServerlessDeploymentBucket
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::S3::BucketPolicy - ServerlessDeploymentBucketPolicy
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::S3::BucketPolicy - ServerlessDeploymentBucketPolicy
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::S3::BucketPolicy - ServerlessDeploymentBucketPolicy
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::CloudFormation::Stack - hello-dev
Serverless: Stack create finished...
Serverless: Uploading CloudFormation file to S3...
Serverless: Uploading artifacts...
Serverless: Uploading service hello.zip file to S3 (2.76 MB)...
Serverless: Validating template...
Serverless: Updating Stack...
Serverless: Checking Stack update progress...
CloudFormation - UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::CloudFormation::Stack - hello-dev
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::IAM::Role - IamRoleLambdaExecution
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Logs::LogGroup - HelloLogGroup
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::RestApi - ApiGatewayRestApi
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::RestApi - ApiGatewayRestApi
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::IAM::Role - IamRoleLambdaExecution
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::ApiGateway::RestApi - ApiGatewayRestApi
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Logs::LogGroup - HelloLogGroup
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::Logs::LogGroup - HelloLogGroup
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHello
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHello
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHello
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHelloNameVar
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHelloNameVar
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::ApiGateway::Resource - ApiGatewayResourceHelloNameVar
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::IAM::Role - IamRoleLambdaExecution
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Function - HelloLambdaFunction
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Function - HelloLambdaFunction
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::Lambda::Function - HelloLambdaFunction
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Method - ApiGatewayMethodHelloNameVarGet
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Method - ApiGatewayMethodHelloNameVarGet
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Permission - HelloLambdaPermissionApiGateway
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Version - HelloLambdaVersion0llM5cHtVxK5BhSODXsBnppzF2TM1roM6OfXw2qXINc
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Permission - HelloLambdaPermissionApiGateway
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::ApiGateway::Method - ApiGatewayMethodHelloNameVarGet
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::Lambda::Version - HelloLambdaVersion0llM5cHtVxK5BhSODXsBnppzF2TM1roM6OfXw2qXINc
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::Lambda::Version - HelloLambdaVersion0llM5cHtVxK5BhSODXsBnppzF2TM1roM6OfXw2qXINc
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Deployment - ApiGatewayDeployment1611337803492
CloudFormation - CREATE_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::ApiGateway::Deployment - ApiGatewayDeployment1611337803492
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::ApiGateway::Deployment - ApiGatewayDeployment1611337803492
CloudFormation - CREATE_COMPLETE - AWS::Lambda::Permission - HelloLambdaPermissionApiGateway
CloudFormation - UPDATE_COMPLETE_CLEANUP_IN_PROGRESS - AWS::CloudFormation::Stack - hello-dev
CloudFormation - UPDATE_COMPLETE - AWS::CloudFormation::Stack - hello-dev
Serverless: Stack update finished...
Service Information
service: hello
stage: dev
region: us-east-2
stack: hello-dev
resources: 12
api keys:
None
endpoints:
GET - https://upr8kq3qsc.execute-api.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/dev/hello/{name}
functions:
hello: hello-dev-hello
layers:
None
Stack Outputs
HelloLambdaFunctionQualifiedArn: arn:aws:lambda:us-east-2:132653656301:function:hello-dev-hello:1
ServiceEndpoint: https://upr8kq3qsc.execute-api.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/dev
ServerlessDeploymentBucketName: hello-dev-serverlessdeploymentbucket-rdd115w8vsw1
And that is it! As you can see the deploy output returns the URL where your endpoint is, in this case, https://upr8kq3qsc.execute-api.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/dev/hello/{name}
(where you replace {name} with what you want to send to the function). If you visit that URL from your browser you will get:
{
Message: "AWS Lambda is Awesome! Right, Ariel? "
}
Additional Notes
- As you can see the only thing you needed was the
serverless.yml
configuration file to deploy your function. In this example everything was created from scratch, but I encourage you to try out any of the sample templates that are generated for you, they even come with some boilerplate code, so you can play around with them. You can generate an AWS Go template running this command:
$ sls create --template aws-go --path sample
Serverless: Generating boilerplate...
Serverless: Generating boilerplate in "/code/lambda/sample"
_______ __
| _ .-----.----.--.--.-----.----| .-----.-----.-----.
| |___| -__| _| | | -__| _| | -__|__ --|__ --|
|____ |_____|__| \___/|_____|__| |__|_____|_____|_____|
| | | The Serverless Application Framework
| | serverless.com, v2.19.0
-------'
Serverless: Successfully generated boilerplate for template: "aws-go"
- When you use a template, a Makefile is generated for you, so you can build your app with this command:
$ make build
- You can also build and deploy at the same time
$ make deploy
- Only deploy the function. It usually takes some time when you deploy your entire app, but you have to do it only once unless you are adding new dependencies. Remember to build with
make build
first
$ sls deploy function -f hello
- View the logs
$ sls logs -f hello -t
- And finally, remove the function
$ sls remove
AWS Lambda Opens Possibilities
AWS Lambda is powering a lot of enterprises around the world. From running cloud platforms to extending legacy applications. In this article, we only cover the top of the iceberg, but there are still a lot of features, integrations, and services that can be used with it. I encourage you to explore and read more about what you can do with AWS Lambda and how can you build awesome and scalable web applications.